Learning outcomes are measurable statements that articulate at the beginning what students should know, be able to do, or value as a result of taking a course or completing a program (also called Backwards Course Design). Learning outcomes often take this form:

• As a result of participating in (program/course name), you (students) will be able to (action verb) (learning statement).

Use your learning outcomes as a tool. Let them inform your choice of teaching strategies, course activities, and assessments.

Why Define Learning Outcomes?

Clearly identified learning outcomes allow instructors to:

• Make hard decisions about selecting course content
• Design assessments that allow students to demonstrate their knowledge and skills
• Design teaching strategies or learning activities that will help students develop their knowledge and skills
• Measure student learning accurately and effectively

Having access to articulated learning outcomes (in a syllabus, for example) helps students:

• Decide if the course is a good fit for their academic trajectory
• Identify what they need to do to be successful in the course
• Take ownership of their progress
• Be mindful of what they are learning

Getting Started with Setting Learning Outcomes

• Ask yourself what are the most important things a student should know (cognitive), be able to do (skills), or value (affective) after completing the course/program.
• Consult a list of action verbs, which are verbs that result in overt behavior or products that can be observed and measured. Bloom's Taxonomy of Educational Objectives provides some useful verbs to write objectives for different levels of learning. For more information see Bloom's Taxonomy.
• Avoid verbs that are unclear and cannot be observed and measured easily, for example: appreciate, become aware of, become familiar with, know, learn, and understand.
• Draft a list of possible learning outcomes. Be realistic in considering what is possible for students to accomplish in your course. Only keep the most essential learning outcomes.
• Edit and review the outcomes using the Learning Outcome Review Checklist.

References

Davis, B. G. (2009). Tools for teaching (2nd ed.). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.

Bloom, B. S., Engelhart, M. D., Furst, E. J., Hill, E. J., & Krathwohl, D. R. (Eds.). (1956). Taxonomy of educational objectives: The classification of educational goals. New York, NY: Longmans, Green and Co.

Walvoord, B. E. (2010). Assessment clear and simple: A practical guide for institutions, departments and general education. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.